Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA), developed by Dr. Raymond Sabouraud in 1892, is a selective medium for fungal culture. It is primarily used to isolate dermatophytes, yeasts, and other fungi, both pathogenic and non-pathogenic. SDA is a complex medium for cultivation and isolation of yeasts and moulds as well as the absence test for Candida albicans.
According to pharmacopoeia and ISO 18415, the neutralisers lecithin, polysorbate (Tween®) 80, histidine and sodium thiosulfate are suitable for neutralisation of disinfectant residues containing the following active agents: aldehydes, bis-biguanides, oxidizing compounds, parabens, phenolic compounds, and quaternary ammonium compounds.
Commonly used in research and clinical studies, SDA traditionally inhibits bacterial growth through its low pH (5.6). The mycological peptone (a mixture of animal and plant peptones) and dextrose helps the rapid growth of the fungi.
The medium contains a variety of neutralising agents to reduce the growth inhibiting effects of a range of potentially interfering or antimicrobial substances.
The base formulation is prepared according to the recommendations of the current European, Japanese and United States Pharmacopoeia (EP, 2.6.12.; JP, 4.05 and USP, 61) and supplemented with neutralisers.
For the determination of the total count of yeasts and moulds on dry, sanitised surfaces and personnel in cleanrooms and isolators.
Organism Type | Temperature Range | Incubation Duration |
Selective determination of yeasts and moulds |
20-25°C | Minimum 7 days 14 days recommended |
Different guidelines provide recommendations for incubation such as the USP, EP, and BP. Incubation conditions can be adjusted as needed but must be validated for specific applications.
Prepared medium: slightly opalescent, light amber.
Fungal Species | Colony Colour | Texture | Size (mm) | Shape | Additional Features |
Candida albicans | Cream to white | Smooth, glossy | 2-3 mm | Circular | Often have a yeasty odour |
Aspergillus fumigatus | Greenish to brown | Powdery | 3-5 mm | Often radial or with a characteristic "fuzzy" appearance | Conidiophores and conidia visible under microscopy |
Trichophyton rubrum | Cream to white | Velvety or cottony | 3-5 mm | Circular to irregular | Slow-growing, may produce red pigment on reverse |
Penicillium spp. | Blue-green to blue | Powdery or granular | 3-6 mm | Circular to irregular | Produces a characteristic greenish-blue pigment |
Cryptococcus neoformans | Cream to pinkish | Smooth, mucoid | 2-5 mm | Circular to irregular | Often encapsulated, visible capsules under microscopy |
Fusarium spp. | Pink to orange | Cottony or fluffy | 3-7 mm | Irregular | Produces pink or orange pigment, may have aerial hyphae |
Mucor spp. | White to grey | Cottony or fluffy | 4-8 mm | Irregular | Irregular | Large, rapidly growing colonies with sporangia |
Malassezia spp. | Cream to yellow-brown | Creamy or waxy | 1-3 mm | Circular | Lipophilic, may produce a "spaghetti and meatballs" appearance under microscopy |
Rhizopus spp. | Grey to brown | Cottony or fluffy | 4-9 mm | Irregular | Rapid growth, sporangia with characteristic sporangiospores |
Fungus or Yeast | Colony Morphology | Colony Elevation | Colony Pigmentation |
Dermatophytes | Smooth, white, powdery | Flat | White |
Yeasts | Smooth, cream-coloured, yeast-like | Flat | White, cream, or pink |
Moulds | Raised, fuzzy | Varies | Green, brown, black, or other colours |
Ingredients |
Amounts (g/L) |
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar |
65.0 |
Agar No 1 |
1g |
Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) |
5.0 |
Lecithin |
0.7 |
Histidine |
1.0 |
Sodium Thiosulfate |
0.5 |
Final pH non irradiated: pH - 6.2 ± 0.2, irradiated Final pH: 5.8 ± 0.2
Comparative Analysis of Petri Dish Variation in Flow Rate for Air Sampling. This extended report aims to further investigate the variations in flow rate observed in petri dishes used for air sampling, focusing on the potential factors contributing to these fluctuations.
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